《比西·德·昂布瓦》的创作初衷,或许正是要表现青涩年华与德高望重的对立。(14)搬演《比西·德·昂布瓦》的“圣保罗教堂唱诗班剧团”,既有娇美的儿童,也有青年演员和年过四十的成熟男性。(15)所以,《比西·德·昂布瓦》的首演可能包含不同年龄的演员,这充分说明让19岁的菲尔德扮演比西是有意为之。我们不知道吉斯公爵由什么人扮演,但1691年杜尔费(D'Urfey)改编该剧时,请51岁的基纳斯顿扮演了比西的这位死敌。要是退回基纳斯顿年轻时,他该饰演年轻俊秀的比西。而杜尔费对原剧本做的最大改动,就是“重写了塔米拉这个角色,查普曼的塔米拉是一个彻底淫荡的人物;但我对此做了改动,在第一幕提到她曾与德·昂布瓦定下协议,这样最后一幕就有了理由,更易让人产生同情”。[28](P.394)这中间流露的中产阶级道德观,和原作比西身上进发的肆无忌惮的反叛精神真是大异其趣啊。 怒放的年龄、初生牛犊的冲劲、俊秀的长相,这些为底层少年提供了进阶优势。他们的危险诱惑不同于成熟男性所代表的可靠和安全,即男庇护人的好处。比西仗着自己貌美,所以才敢当着吉斯公爵和整个朝廷对吉斯公爵夫人百般无理。为何轻狂孟浪,就为年少俊俏。比西只为年轻漂亮,所以敢于不顾吉斯公爵夫人的礼貌拒绝,一再轻浮挑逗。他的追求不是为了肉欲或爱情,而是为了征服。征服的欲望产生自怨恨,因为他在财富、教养、品位面前受到了侮辱,这一切都是贵族的看家本领。吉斯公爵的斥骂,暴露了情场角力背后的阶级斗争:“小子,太放肆了,你丫找抽呢。”(I.ii.126-127)可比西不吃这一套:“抽谁呢?你丫敢当面再说一个字,算你丫有公爵的种。”(I.ii.126-127)谁能想到如此娇柔的一位少年,竟也会发出雄狮的怒吼?对等级制的这种大胆反抗,后来亦见于司汤达令人难忘的力作《红与黑》,出现在这部作品中勇敢、迷人的凤凰男身上。于连简直就是比西再世,同样年轻鲁莽,一无所有。年轻主人公走进市长宅邸,第一次与女主人相见,那幅图景与比西初见塔米拉相比,场面气氛迥异,但气息有相通之处。 贾丁的思路表明,人们一旦更多地在意戏剧形象背后的台上人,他们对戏剧主题的理解就有可能发生变化。贾丁之后涌现的一批新解读,却表现出对男旦的单向线性思维,竟至无视这些男旦登台表演的历史环境,无视剧场表演对戏剧文本的可能影响。其结果,女性主义人物分析看见的是现代观众可心的女性角色,同性恋解读看到的是同性恋男人可以觊觎的男妓。通过以上对《第十二夜》和《比西·德·昂布瓦》的分析,我们看到娇美少年最得“高雅女士”的欢心,而不是“轻浮女佣”或“乡下老婆”的青睐。这一结论或可帮助读者发现隐藏于性别斗争中的阶级斗争的一面, 注释: ①贾丁的暗示,到了斯蒂芬·奥格尔《人无完人:英国舞台上为何要用少年扮演女性角色?》一文,就变得言之凿凿了,特别是他在1990年斯特拉福德莎士比亚会议上宣读的那个版本。读者可以参阅此文的原版:Stephen Orgel.“Nobody's Perfect:Or Why Did the English Stage Take Boys for Women.” South Atlantic Quarterly 88 (1989):7-29 (especially 17-18)。在凯瑟琳·贝尔塞笔下夫妻平等的近代“温馨家庭”里,丈夫就从他的一众学徒中发展了一个娈童,参见Catherine Belsey.“Disrupting Sexual Difference:Meaning and Gender in the Comedies”.Alternative Shakespeare.London:Methuen,1985.166-190. ②关于文艺复兴时期女性观众的真实记录,参阅Andrew Gurr.Playgoing in Shakespeare's London.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987.20,28,57-63。亦可参阅Richard Levin.“Women in the Renaissance Theater Audience”.Shakespeare Quarterly.40.2(1989):165-174(168)。 ③所引剧本,场次行数随文标识,版本尾注注明,下同。Thomas Middleton.A Mad World,My Masters.Ed.Standish Henning.Regents Renaissance Drama Series.London:Edward Arnold,1965. ④布龙齐诺的绘画是最好的类比;参阅Charles McCorquodale.Bronzino.New York:Harper & Harper,1981。例如埃莉诺小教堂里的《摩西引水和天降食粮》(1540/41-1546,插图46,第75页),画面上肩负水罐的青年男性,让我们想起安格尔《泉》中的妙龄女子。他的表情、姿势甚至肤色都与门左边抱孩子的妇女别无二致(插图48)。布龙齐诺笔下的圣米迦勒虽然拴盔带甲,持剑摆出孔武的姿势,但面孔完全是女子(插图52,第81页)。对这幅壁画的研究显示,画中的身体是少男模特,头部却换成了少女模特(插图51,第80页)。试比较穆希多鲁斯为普洛克勒斯乔装时,坦承男扮女装的青年男子很有魅力,见The Prose Works of Sir Philip Sidney.Ed.A.Feuillerat.4 vols.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1922.4.24. ⑥休爵士(大约是为了教导几个儿子忠于家庭)编造了不情不愿的小新郎如何磨磨唧唧回了学校,却终于还是回归家庭的怀抱,他却没想到这样一来理查德爵士根本就不可能参加传说中的演出了。而真实的情况是,他的确回到了一年前以普通生资格将他录取的剑桥大学三一学院(1595)。参阅:Alumni Cantabrigienses:A Biographical List of All Known Students,Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge,from the Earliest Times to 1900.Ed.John Venn and J.A.Venn.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1922.1. ⑦若无单独说明,皆采用朱生豪先生的译本,此后不再一一标注。 ⑧他虽然扮演女角很成功,但并不限于扮女角。在《疯狂的恋人》(The Mad Lover)中扮演了公主之后,他翌年又演了很出名的男角,如约翰·福德(John Ford)《爱的的奉献》(Love's Sacrifice,1663-1664)中的罗塞利(年轻贵族)和卡拉法(帕维公爵)。富尔杰莎士比亚图书馆所藏《爱的奉献》“乙版”(Copy Two)(London,1633.A4v)以两种字体写着两班演员,称其为“念词人”(“The Speakers”),基纳斯顿在其中分别扮演罗塞利和卡拉法。最后一个例子见:Winfried Schleiner.“Male Cross-Dressing and Transvestism in Renaissance Romances”.The Sixteenth Century Journal.19(1988).605-619。笔者不大同意他的解释。 ⑩现代文学中可与之相比的人物,当推托马斯·曼的小说《骗子菲利克斯·克鲁尔的自白》中的侍应生菲利克斯和女作家霍普尔夫人。见:Thomas Mann.Confessions of Felix Krull Confidence Man(The Early Years).Trans.Denver Lindley.New York:Random House,1969.Chapter IX. (11)参见Robert J.Lordi's Introduction to Bussy D'Ambois,Regents Renaissance Drama.Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1964.xiii-xxxi(xix). (12)据1607年版本影印。 (13)性别与阶级的关系应当深究。吉恩·E.霍华德(Jean E.Howard)对此略有触及,见:Jean E.Howard.“Renaissance Antitheatricality and the Politics of Gender and Rank in Much A do about Nothing”.Shakespeare Reproduced:The Text in History and Ideology.Ed.Jean Howard and Marion F.O'Connor.London:Methuen,1987.163-187. (14)笔者对此剧的解读思路,与童伶的天真会令观众曲解他们所演的戏文的流行观点相悖。见:R.A.Foakes.Shakespeare:the Dark Comedies to the Last Plays:frrm Satire to Celebration.Charlottesville,The University Press of Virginia:1971 and Anthony Caputi.John Marston,Satirist.Ithaca,New York:Cornell University Press:1961. (15)参见Harold Newcomb Hillebrand.The Child Actors:A Chapter in Elizabethan Stage History.University of Illinois Studies in Language and Literature.Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1926.327-330.再见笔者Shen Lin,“How Old were the Children of Paul's?”,Theatre Notebook 3(1991),121-131.又:1618年,埃克赛特市市长将一个剧团驱逐出该市,因为他们拿着“童伶”演出证,剧团里大多数演员都是30到50岁的成人,见Folger Shakespeare Library SP 14/97/# 166,Film Accession Number 560. 原文参考文献: [1]Wyhcerley,William.The Country-Wife.London,1675. [2]Jardine,Lisa.Still Harping on Daughters:Women and Drama in the Age of Shakespeare.Sussex:Harvester,1983. [3]Earle,John.Microcosmographie.or,A Peece of the World Discovered; in Essayes and Characters.London,1628. [4]In A Book of "Characters".Ed.Richard Aldington.New York:E.P.Dutton & Co.,[1924]. [5]A Second and third blast of retrait from plaies and Theaters.London,1580. [6]Beaumont,Francis.The Knight of the Burning Pestle.Ed.Michael Hattaway.The New Mermaids.London:Ernest Benn,1969. [7]The Honour of Chiualrie Set downe in the most Famous Historie of the Magnanimous and Heroike Prince Don Bellianis,1598,London.S2v. [8]Marlowe,Christopher.The Poems.Ed.Millar Maclure.The Revels Plays.London:Methuen,1968. [9]In Beaumont and Fletcher.The Works of Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher.Ed.Arnold Glover and A.R.Waller.10 vols.Cambridge English Classics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1905-1912.6. [10]Marston,John,et al.The Insatiate Countess.Ed.Giorgio Melchiori.The Revels Plays.Manchester:Manchester University Press,1984. [11]Memoirs of Sir James Melville of Halhill 1535-1617.Ed.A Francis Steuart.New York:E.P.Dutton and company,1930. [12]Homosexuality in Renaissance England.n.p.:Gay Men's Press,1982. [13]Stubbes,Phillip.The Anatomie of A buses.London,1583. [14]"The Moon-Calfe".The Works of Michael Drayton.Ed.J.William Hebel.5 vols.Oxford:Blackwell,1931-1941.3. [15]Records of Early English Drama:Cambridge.Ed.Alan H.Nelson.2 vols.Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1989.2. [16]Cholmley,Hugh,Sir.The Memoirs of Sir Hugh Cholmley,Knt.and Bart.Addressed to His Two Sons In Which He gives some Account of his Family,and the Distresses they underwent in the Civil Wars; and how far he himself was engaged in them.n.p.,1787. [17]The Diary of Samuel Pepys.Ed.R.C.Latham and W.Matthews.11 vols.Berkeley:University of California Press,1970-1983.1. [18]An Apology for the Life of Colley Cibber:with a Historical View of the Stage during his own Time.Ed.B.R.S.Fone.Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1968. [19]Jonson,Ben.Epicoene.Ed.R.V.Holdsworth.The New Mermaids.London:Ernest Benn,1979. [20]Gawdy,Philip.Letters of Philip Gawdy of West Harling,Norfork,and of London.Ed.Isaac Herbert Jeayes.The Roxburghe Club.London:J.B.Nichols and Sons,1906. [21]No Wit,No Help like a Woman's.Ed.Lowell E.Johnson.Regents Renaissance Drama.Nebraska:University of Nebraska Press,1976. [22]Sir Thomas Overbur.Characters or Witty Descriptions of the Properties of Sundry Persons (1614) in A Book of "Characters".Ed.Richard Aldington. [23]Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare.Ed.Geoffrey Bullough.8 vols.London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1957-1975.2. [24]Bussy D'Ambois:A Tragedie:As it hath been often Acted with great Applause.Being much corrected and amended by the Author before his death.London,1641.A2. [25]The Plays of Nathan Field.Ed.William Perry.Austin:University of Texas Press,1950. [26]Bussy D'Ambois.Ed.Nicholas Brooke.The Revels Plays.London:Mathuen,1964. [27]Wright,Thomas.The Passions of the Minde in Generall.London,1604. (责任编辑:admin) |